New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority Free Essays

Presentation Customary market structure proposes that all market choices ought to be founded on utilitarian hypothesis. We regularly witness advertise choices which disregard other significant parts of the market action. Thus, we show up under the effect of one-side unequal choices which at last disregard the standards of ethical quality and good religious philosophy of the commercial center. We will compose a custom exposition test on New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Rising admissions and costs by MTA â€Å"After a bizarrely incredible and lively discussion, the leading body of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority casted a ballot to raise charges on trams, transports and worker railways and costs on spans and tunnels† (Chan, 2007a). For what reason is it so astounding that not all individuals from the MTA board needed to transform into the advocates of charges and tolls’ increment? Does this imply increasingly political and business players understand the significance of ethical quality in taking business sector choices? Clearly, the circumstance is a lot of more awful than one may envision. One may at first believe that expanding the tolls will prompt less traffic blockage, and will ask more individuals to utilize open vehicle; yet, the open vehicle passages are being raised, as well. From the perspective of the individuals who vote in favor of bringing admissions and costs up in New York, this choice is the initial move towards â€Å"fiscal duty. The authority had for since quite a while ago applied bonuses and land charges trusting that somebody would rescue us and choosing not to see our obligation to put this MTA on a firm future fiscal structure† (Chan, 2007a). All the while, from the perspective of profound quality and religious philosophy of the commercial center, business movement isn't constrained by balanced market choices, yet in addition â€Å"confronts us with the good predicaments† (Gregg, 2004). The significant worry inside this circumstance is that the choice to raise passages has totally ignored the situation of those whom we generally consider to be helpless populaces. The delegate of Working Families Party is sure that raising charges will genuinely hit working individuals (Benjamin, 2007). â€Å"Today, by and by working class New Yorkers and those battling to make it, are bearing the cost†, Rep. Anthony Weiner said (Benjamin, 2007). â€Å"A admission climb presently is an inappropriate decision for New York. It would hit numerous individuals who are battling hard to make a decent living and hurt the region’s economy. [†¦] This toll climb will hit 86 percent of the riding open who use charge limits. These incorporate compensation per-ride reward MetroCards and 7-and 30-day boundless ride passes. It’s likewise a one-two punch for most L.I.R.R. furthermore, Metro-North workers whose railroad passages would go up!† (Chan, 2007b) The talked about admission climb will likewise cause the bonuses’ decline for riders (from 20 to 15 percent), and the limited toll will cost $1.74 rather than $1.67 (Chan, 2007b). The issue is that New Yorkers pay more than they need to for the vehicle they use. â€Å"In 2005, riders paid 55 percent of the expenses of running the metros and buses† (Chan, 2007b). Impartially, this is a lot higher that the riders in different urban communities pay: those in Boston don't repay in excess of 29 percent of the talked about expenses, and those in Philadelphia pay close to 37 percent (Chan, 2007b). As the M.T.A reports $140 million decreases, does this imply they will make the riders pay this sum through higher charges and costs? Surely, the recommended charges and costs increment will help remunerate the under-financing of the MTA by the state Government, yet in the event that the choice structure stays unaltered, this pay will really happen for the record of the as of now referenced defenseless populaces. â€Å"To depend upon utilitarianism as the good †philosophical establishment of the case for the market makes huge challenges for Catholics† (Gregg, 2004). The utilitarian want to locate the best great and to fulfill the majority doesn't meet the moral and good models of religion. The individuals who were taking the choice to raise the charges and costs in New York have ignored one fundamental perspective in their dynamic: when one searches for the way to deliver the best delight for the best number of individuals, one needs to play out various estimations and to create the choice which fulfills everybody. From the perspective of good religious philosophy, such estimations in showcase dynamic are essentially inconceivable. â€Å"No individual can make such an evaluation without conceding a huge level of numbness pretty much all the potential impacts that may continue from a uninhibitedly picked act† (Gregg, 2004). The MTA governors have obviously gone past their sensible capacities, attempting to convince us that that the future with raised passages and costs for everybody was superior to other potential other options. The MTA board individuals see the expanded costs and passages as the way to close the holes in MTA’s spending plan and to give protected and dependable arrangement of transportation for the New York’s residents. Be that as it may, it isn't a definitive objective for the individuals who utilize open vehicle and have a place with powerless layers of the city populace. End The ethical religious philosophy of commercial center rejects any uniform measures in characterizing the objectives of dynamic. This is the reason the governors ought to have considered the budgetary chances of the individuals who can't bear the cost of paying more for utilizing open vehicle. The differentiated structure of costs would resolve all good and moral issues, and would not make genuine deterrents in transit towards better working of the city’s transportation frameworks. References Chan, S. (2007a). Board endorses metro and transport admission increment. The New York Times. Recovered February 17, 2008 from https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/mta-load up affirms admission and-cost increments/ Chan, S. (2007b). Hundreds abandoned online by bungled M.T.A. â€Å"Webinar†. The New York Times. Recovered February 17, 2008 from http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/blended response to-new-mta-charge plan/?hp Gregg, S. (2004). Morals and the market economy: Insights from Catholic good religious philosophy. IEA Economic Affairs, June, pp. 4-10. Step by step instructions to refer to New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Essay models

Leadership Style on Employee Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Leadership Style on Employee Performance. Answer: Presentation: The presentation of laborers involves execution of obligations, for example, competency among representatives, complying with of time constraints, and proficiency along with adequacy in working (Oskar, 2017). Incredible administration styles are profoundly required by pretty much every association to improve the significance of workers (Butt, 2018). A portion of the issues looked by associations, for instance, the tractor processing plant include: efficiency which is less, poor inventiveness, poor representative execution. These issues are raised by absence of legitimate initiative styles mediations. These issues have consistently influenced the worker execution. It has been noticed that behind each fruitful association there is a vital authority style (Bouckenooghe 2015). At the point when we take a gander at the universe of innovation, the activity of good initiative administration is profoundly embraced. In an association, the workers esteem the way that pioneers don't just need to lead representatives yet ought to likewise practice viability. All representatives need a pioneer who can quickly oversee changes and improvement of execution in an association (Ahmad, 2014). Viewing the presentation of both the representatives and the firm, by what method should the pioneer perform? In what capacity would performance be able to be changed by the viability of the pioneer? Points and targets To examine the administration styles that adds to the presentation of representatives. To draw out the distinctions existing between worker execution and authority execution. To plot the significance of initiative viability on worker execution To think of a model that represents how different authority styles are identified with the exhibition of workers. The significance of this examination is that it draws out the impact of various styles of authority on execution of workers (Ahmad, 2014). The culmination of this paper will give understanding into the current idea and help gain information and data which each pioneer could apply in order to propose for plans, systems and structures thus empowering them to be better situated in this serious and complex universe of business existing today. By fulfilling its targets, this examination can be utilized by different researchers to comprehend what authority is and its effect on worker execution (Butt, 2018). Another preferred position is that analysts can utilize this data for concentrates in future and get an extraordinary positive deviation the general public. Different discoveries can be separated from this discovering which can store in presentation of business changes (Breevaart 2016). The discoveries of the current investigation have helped from multiple points of view, it has significantly supported information; since by and by this region is under extraordinary research in Pakistan and different pieces of the world. This investigation has helped tractor manufacturing plant and different associations in Pakistan and the creating cou8ntries as a rule to respond to the inquiries they face in authority. The examination will assess the issue in a manner one can decipher and research utilizing a methodology of center gathering and meetings. Bushman, attempting to show the engaging kind of research expressed that this strategy comprises of social occasion data on conditions which existed previously. The explanation of utilizing this technique is to show the circumstance nature as it is the point at which the investigation is being led and assess how a specific marvels influences how representatives perform. Information assortment optional source There will be combination of optional research. This is to make it workable for arrangement of enough conversation so the concerned perusers may sufficiently see much about this issue and all factors included. Moreover, past reports on investigate, diary content, magazine, paper will be remembered for optional research. Discoveries which are in existing diary and data in existing books will be alluded as optional hotspots for this examination (Iqbal, 2014). We will characterize, what authority is, diverse initiative styles and afterward give subtleties on the theoretical system which involves the manner in which the various styles of administration influences workforce execution. It very well may be characterized as the procedure by which a chief can control, direct and give an impact to the manner in which representatives act and work with an expectation of accomplishing a specific objective in a particular circumstance (Chen 2014). It is the capacity of the top organization to manage and coordinate the representatives work with enthusiasm and certainty. Initiative is the persuasive capacity and ability to accomplish a specific objective. Its the job of pioneers to direct representatives in order to accomplish the dreams of the association (Mulki 2015). The significance of authority styles is enormously articulated in words business domains and even independent venture firms (Northouse, 2018). The styles influences all in the firm including subordinates and their chiefs just as up and coming firms they help think of a nature that empowers the representatives fulfill their objectives and time constraint venture (Khan 2017). These styles allude to the disposition and conduct of an innovator in management and firms administration. It is a blend of understanding, theory, demeanor and character of the pioneers (Nanjundeswaraswamy, 2014). Reference Ahmad, N., Hussain, A., Tariq, M. S. (2014). Linkage between Leadership Styles and Employee Performance. Universal Journal of Accounting Research, 42(1836), 1-9. Bouckenooghe, D., Zafar, A., Raja, U. (2015). How moral administration shapes representatives work execution: The interceding jobs of objective coinciding and mental capital. Diary of Business Ethics, 129(2), 251-264. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Derks, D. (2016). Who starts to lead the pack? A multi?source journal concentrate on authority, work commitment, and employment execution. Diary of Organizational Behavior, 37(3), 309-325. Butt, M. A., Katuse, P., Namada, J. M. (2018). On Green Strategy: Effect on Automotive Industry of Pakistan. Worldwide Journal of Business and Management, 13(2), 221. Chen, X. P., Eberly, M. B., Chiang, T. J., Farh, J. L., Cheng, B. S. (2014). Emotional trust in Chinese pioneers: Linking paternalistic administration to worker execution. Diary of the executives, 40(3), 796-819. Khan, M. Z. (2017). The Competencies with respect to Administrative and Supervisory Role of the Agricultural Extension Officers in the Rural and Agricultural Development of Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 33(3). Mulki, J. P., Caemmerer, B., Heggde, G. S. (2015). Administration style, salesman's work exertion and occupation execution: the impact of intensity separation. Diary of Personal Selling Sales Management, 35(1), 3-22. Nanjundeswaraswamy, T. S., Swamy, D. R. (2014). Administration styles. Advances in the board, 7(2), 57. Northouse, P. G. (2018). Administration: Theory and practice. Sage distributions. Oskar, B. (2017). The Dynamics of inspiration: A subjective report on workers' in little organizations inspecting how inspiration factors move in striking nature. Iqbal, N., Anwar, S., Haider, N. (2015). Impact of initiative style on worker execution. Bedouin Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(5).

Single Tier Company Income Tax System

1. 0 Introduction Singapore as of now begin receiving a one-level corporate assessment framework impact from 1 January 2003. In Malaysia, it is alluded as the ‘single tier’ framework. The administration permitted a six-year transitional period to empower organizations with unutilized profit franking credits to deliver franked profits. From 1 January 2008, every single inhabitant organization in Singapore will go under the one-level framework. In the interim, different nations including Hong Kong, Ireland and furthermore Malaysia are embracing the one-level framework compelling from 1 January 2014.Generally, the Malaysian profit framework has experienced a total upgrade in 2008 with the target of giving organizations, investors and the administration with a straightforward, straightforward, effective and impartial framework. With impact from Year Assessment (YA) 2008, a solitary level profit framework replaces the duty attribution framework on profit installments to inves tors. All the progressions from changing of profit framework have emerged because of authoritative revisions presented by Finance Act 2007 (Act 683) journal by the legislature on 28 December 2007.The new corporate assessment framework is known as the single level framework since benefits earned by organizations are just burdened once and the benefits disseminated are not, at this point available on investors of the organization. In such manner, the key Income Tax Act 1967 is revised by subbing sec 108 with the accompanying: 108. where a profit is paid or attributed by an organization to any of its investors in the premise time frame for a time of evaluation, the organization will not be qualified for deduct charge from such profit paid or credited. 1. Outline: The Single Tier Company Income Tax System The organization Company investors Income from the Income Profits business tasks from interests in the organization Tax on organization benefits The benefits after assessments Profits after expense Net profit help out as profits 2. 0 Advantages of Single Tier Dividend System First, single level profit framework permits total free stream in the directing of benefits of the organization to the investors as excluded profits. There are two wellsprings of benefits that can be distinguished. It is including income gains (where annual duty has been paid) or capital additions from the removal of long haul speculations like, shares, landed property, plant, hardware, and plant by the organization. The organization may now plain out these benefits as profits to investors with no restrictions.From YA 2008, organizations are not, at this point subject to the limitations of keeping up an assessment ascription balance on profit installments. Other than that, the subsequent bit of leeway is investors who getting the excluded profits are not requires to report the profit pay in their expense form. In any case, they are required to keep records and reports on their absolved profit salary for a long time to validate this pay in case of an assessment review. The third favorable circumstances is that the organization are no longer have a segment 108 (6) charge issues. Single level framework disentangles charge compliance.At a similar time, it is improving productivity of duty managerial framework in light of the fact that no need monitor charge delivered and furthermore profits sum disseminated to investors. Be that as it may, under the past profit attribution framework, an organization whose installment of profits is in overabundance of its duty credit balance [s 108 (6) balance] will wind up paying s 108 (6) charge to the assessment specialists. It is demonstrates organization needs to include extra consumption. Essentially, any abundance in the profit installment for capital increases over the assessment credit equalization will make the organization bring about the s 108 charge.This is no expense proficient to the organization and increment the expense of p rofit installment. While, the fourth preferred position is investors whose minimal duty rate is at 27% won't be delivering extra assessment on profit. As a correlation with past attribution framework, the personal expense installment by organization is ascribed as duty credit to singular investors upon profit installments, which is YA 2009, 25% of the profit pay. In any case, the individual investors with the negligible expense pace of 27% will wind up paying an extra 2% of duty profit salary received.With successful from YA 2009, an individual is surveyed on 27% assessment rate if is chargeable pay surpassed RM100, 000. Fifth, it improves the activity of assessment specialists. Presently, charge specialists doesn't have to process charge discounts to the investors. In this way, the expense specialists are opened up to center their time and exertion specifically the territories, for example, charge review to guarantee total duty consistence by citizens in a self-appraisal framework. The 6th bit of leeway is single level profit framework is business well disposed, prudent and charge proficient as organizations are no longer requires to keep up charge credit balance for profit payment.A segment of expense organization obligations is presently annulled with the goal that human resources may concentrate on charge effective work. Other than that, the seventh favorable position is from a full scale perspective. These days, the single level methodology has given a basic and helpful duty framework to the nation, organizations and investors. Human capital resources might be sent to the gainful segments to guarantee that everybody is set on a serious edge to take on worldwide difficulties. 2. 1 Diagram of Dividends Payment to Shareholders under Imputation System Shareholder| Company Dividend pay (gross)Individual75% x net dividend| Pay net profit (a)Received net profit of 75% of gross dividend(b)Assessed as s 4(c) on net profit income(c)Tax credit on profit pay (25% of gross profit) is accessible as s 110 set on annual duty payable| Income charge payable RMFirst RM 100,000 14,[emailâ protected]% __xx__ __xxx_-S 110 set off (x) (25% x profit pay) _____Net personal assessment payable xx_ |Debit 25% od profit pay to s 108 account| Tax credit ondividend installments xx| Balance b/f xxYA 2009Income expense [emailâ protected]%/25% nilxx| S 108 account| 3. 0 Single Tier Dividend System VS Imputation System The course of events of actualizing ascription framework and single level framework is entirely unexpected. As indicated by Choong (2009), he expressed that a solitary level profit framework replaces the expense attribution framework on profit installments to investors on 1 January 2008 and on YA 2008 onwards.Meanwhile, transitional standards applies for six-year time span to 31 December 2013, during which the two frameworks will coincide. From 1 January 2014, every single occupant organization will go under single level framework. In any case, attri bution framework executed before YA 2008 until 31 December 2007 in particular. There are another examination viewpoints is as far as annual duty paid by the organization. Under single level framework, profit is last duty and the partitioned paid out to investors would be an excluded charge in the hands of shareholders.From here, the instrument of single level profit framework is treated as a different expense element with no mix with the investors. Be that as it may, under attribution charge framework, any overabundance in the profit installment for capital addition over the duty credit parity will make the organization bring about the s108 charge. In this manner, lead not last duty to the organization while will build the expense of profit installment. Here, ascription framework will permit combination among organization and investors whereby an organization in its pith doesn't pay tax.The real assessment is determined on the investors after getting profit salary The following exam ination is in the viewpoint of keeping up charge credit account (s 108 record). Keeping up charge credit account (s 108 record) require single level profit without any than charge credit equalization of organizations to screen on the grounds that the organization no longer has s108 accuse issues and investors of specialists. Be that as it may, it requires attribution charge framework to keep up an ascription record to record personal expense paid yearly in credit side of the s108 account.A contrasts likewise happens in installment of profits to investors. For installment of profits to investors under single level partitioned for charge specialists, there is no more duty credit balance (s108 account) of organizations to screen. Thus, it likewise no need for them to process charge discounts to the investors and furthermore no limitation for profits installment. Be that as it may, attribution charge framework driving 108 record are to be charged the expense parcel in s108 account. Proc eeding is the examination point of view installment of capital gains as profits to shareholders.Under single level framework, the organization forthright out benefits, for example, profits to investors with no limitations so as to keeping up an assessment attribution balance on profit installments. Be that as it may, attribution framework expressed any abundance in the profit installment for capital addition over the assessment credit equalization will make the organization bring about the s108 charge. Another examination viewpoint is profit salary to investors. Oftentimes, investors get the absolved profit in single level profit which isn't required to report the profit pay in their assessment return.However, they need to keep all the record and archives on this excluded profit salary for a long time to prove this pay in case of an expense review. Interestingly, under attribution framework, investors accepting net profit would be evaluated on net profit salary under s4(c) while the duty deducted on profit pay would be given a derivation (s 110set off) against their annual expense payable in that YA. Next is the examination of intrigue cost caused to secure offers. Presently, the intrigue cost brought about to procure shares is dismissed in the single level profit framework as the profit salary is currently charge exempt.In differentiate, under ascription framework, the profit pay is surveys under s4c of the Act which permitted intrigue cost to be deducted against net profit to show up at legal pay. Consequently, this will bring about money discount as the assessment credit on profit pay surpasses charge payable on legal salary of profit. Finally is the distinctions of usage. The current organization with s 108 credit balan

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples The Debate Over Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples The number of disciplines we can handle is all but endless. It's important to concentrate on a couple of qualities you possess which are different from what other interviewees might offer, or are more troublesome to discover in candidates generally. The essays can arrive in a number of distinct forms, based on the school. The reach of topics covered during an MBA provides the chance to understand about a wide range of subjects catering to the many facets of business structure and administration. A History of Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples Refuted As an example, say you really need the opportunity to learn from the world-famous Professor X. An MBA is a critical part of my career objectives, and as such plays a crucial part in achieving my life objectives. After graduating your fantasy training course, it's time to launch your own company as you remain young. Again, someone who's been in a specific profession for many years and now wants to take up a management position in exactly the same field can do so through an MBA. Accomplishments and success stories are almost always great bets, especially in the event that you can describe how a crucial accomplishment (a thriving marketing and advertising campaign, by way of example) demonstrates a desired competency (creativity, results-orientation). You need to look at the essays as a blessing, as opposed to a hindrance. As an example, a why us essay might chat about how very interesting XYZ interdisciplinary project is and the way it fits nicely with your senior project. Our essay prompts are extremely personal in nature and we would like to get to understand the applicant as best as possible. The Fundamentals of Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples Revealed You would like your response to be brief. The questions usually consist of a number of distinct pieces. Such questions need deep introspection for you to get to the core of your nature and influences. Answering such a question would require that you introspect. The War Against Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples As a result of this variety, it's not possible to say precisely what sort of essay prompt you're likely to be focusing on in your specific application. If you don't have anyone in mind, you always have the option to look through a few MBA essay editing service reviews and find some companies which can assist you with proofreading. Managing plagiarism Typically, plagiarism is no problem. There's no template that could assist you in MBA essay writing, since the structure is dependent on the direction you compose a narrative. How to Choose Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples An MBA provides the suitable platform for this decision-making procedure and helps choose from a variety of post-MBA career choices. The program might be among the oldest and hence might have evolved in lots of ways which may mean much better training material, great faculty, better placement opportunities and robust networking ties within the business. Its MBA program enjoys a fantastic reputation on the planet. When you fully grasp the schools program and positioning, use that which you have uncovered only if you may apply it to yourself. Mention by name certain classes, professors, clubs and activities that you're excited to be a component of. Colleges publish lots and plenty of unique kinds of things, any of which is helpful for research. The school gives you minimal guidance for applicants hoping to earn an impression. Some schools ask you to also speak about why you're interested in their precise program, as part of the very same prompt. Up in Arms About Why Should We Choose You Mba Essay Samples? When you purchase something that special, you have to be entirely assured that you'll get what you would like. Ofcourse, y ou can't provide a cookie-cutter answer. So it's always a great idea to begin early. Rather, have an overall idea about what you're likely to say. Admissions committee officers are on the watch for the greatest possible candidate profiles. Doing this often makes it sound just like you're pursuing an MBA simply because you chance to have the required qualifications. Read more about the way the top MBA alumni networks get the job done. Colleges care about the quantities of acceptances deeply, so it might help to understand you're a sure thing. Let each essay be distinctive and crisp. You ought to make sure you adapt your essays to certain schools, instead of sending one generic essay. Such essays could also include things like failure essays or essays that ask you to speak about an ethical dilemma that you could have faced. Your essays ought to be in a position to join the dots and finish the picture. What's more, the essays that follow are most likely to supply comfort, that there's no formula or singular means to craft a prosperous answer. Bear in mind which you will be more believable if you concentrate on a few strengths and don't attempt to claim that you're a master of every business skill conceivable. Keep it concise that you still wish to continue to keep your solution in the 1-2 minute range so that you won't have the ability to rattle off every skill and accomplishment on your resume. It's possible to use your own style. Share particular positions, industries, and firms where you want to get a career. My job was supposed to work alongside the industry manager to help produce a more healthy marriage between the finance and marketing and advertising departments, thus improving our sales and workplace atmosphere. To be engaged in high-level small business management has consistently been my professional objective. As a consequence, businesses become influential to our society because we can involve ourselves in a trade where we are like ly to enhance our lifestyle.

Exploring Post-War Economy Through The Graduate And Easy...

The Golden Age of America, the period post WWII, was taken out behind the proverbial house and beaten by the coming of the Counter Culture Revolution of the 1960s. Everything that the â€Å"greatest generation,† built and quite literally defended was thrown to the wind by the next generation without a second thought. They were able to free themselves from the shackles of society so easily for various reasons, including: affluence, leisure time, easy access to literature, and higher education. These topics have been touched upon far too much for me to mention them in my paper, and I will save you the boring read. The real question is, why? Why after being handed everything, why after being groomed for this new world where America was at the†¦show more content†¦Government spending on the war grew huge industries that dried up the unemployment rate very quickly. The climax of this economic boom ironically came with the explosion of the last bomb. The virtually unsca thed American industrial infrastructure rose above the rubble of European factories and Asian offices, and the United States was more than happy to invest heavily in the foreign markets allowing for Hulk like growth in an already thriving national economy. That generation, after a great struggle, became members of a superpower and were responsible for a brand new America. Post WWII Americans owned America, they had made her their own with progressive reforms to both government and economy. Social changes, however, were hard to come by and the younger generation began to feel oppressed by societys harsh limitations. So, in fact the Counter Culture Revolution of the 1960s was started by a teenage hissyfit against their parents. The first blow came to the institution of family. With higher education and a broader choice of a career thanks to new industry the family unit became irrelevant. Children had loose roots and easily forgot where they came from. 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Reading through its index brings to mind the medieval lament, â€Å"Where are the snows of yesteryear?† Where indeed are Aldus, Apollo, Ashton-Tate, Ask, Burroughs

Ma is the Man in John Steinbecks The Grapes Of Wrath Essay

A clear concept in John Steinbecks The Grapes Of Wrath was the way families were run. At the beginning of the twentieth century, men led the family. They made the decisions and they made the money for the family while the women worked behind the scenes and kept everything going. What the men did not realize, or did not want to recognize, was that the women were the ones who were really in control. Though they did not take credit for it, they were the ones who bought and cooked the food the men ate, bore and reared the children the men helped create, and did everything they could to make a better life for themselves and their families. This changed once the Dust Bowl struck. Soon after, women took charge of the family affairs and slid†¦show more content†¦Theys too much of it to split it up to mens or womens work. You got stuff to do. Let me salt the meat. (Pg.146 - The Grapes of Wrath) I wholeheartedly agree with Casys statement. Work is work, no matter the difficulty or n ature of it. A man should be able to do a womans job, and vice versa. Perhaps the other may even be able to do the job better than the person who did previously. What I find amazing is that women did not even question their place. They just accepted things for the way they were and didnt question why things were like that. It was like they didnt even contemplate the idea that they could have a say in anything at all. Ma is a prime example of this. She has stood in the shadows and discreetly controlled the goings on for her whole life. An example of this is when Casy is being invited to join them on their move. And then he stood, embarrassed by his own speech. Ma looked to Tom to speak, because he was a man, but Tom did not speak. She let him have the chance that was his right, and then she said Why, wed be proud to have you. (Pg. 127) The degradation of women in this quote is clearly evident, and ridiculous. Tom is Mas son, and yet she has to look to him to wait for him to speak b efore she is allowed to voice her opinion because of her gender. Neither age nor the fact that she gave birth to him can give her the right to speak her mind. On the flip side, Ma let him have his right. She let him; as in allowed it toShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes Of Independence By John Steinbeck1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Grapes of Independence An image or a thousand words, which is more impacting? For decades now enthusiasts have participated in endless debates over films and novels. Whether it be a novel that is adapted into a film or a film that is converted into a novel, neither of the works will be an exact image of the other. 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Modern Age in British Literature free essay sample

To begin, at its time, modernism brought more literature to the stage than most if not all other eras preceding it. A perk of the Victorian Age was the greatly increased literacy rate, and with that came a higher demand for all kinds of literature. The influx of upcoming authors was looked down upon by those more sophisticated and well known, but the public found the newcomers more interesting. â€Å"Writers who refused to bow to the popular tastes found themselves in a state of alienation from the mainstream of society† (Rahn 1). Even though most of these refined novelists and poets were not well spoken of, they still made large literary contributions that society took in. Eventually populism returned to the mainstream of modern literature. On the topic of upcoming authors, society was not seeing the common majority of works by only Caucasian males anymore. More variety was seen in this era as women, the unwealthy, and several minorities were publishing their works and being noticed. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Age in British Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Langston Hughes, an African-American poet and females like Amy Lowell were publishing works and breaking the literary barriers for minorities. This age was the beginning of racial/sexual diversity in literature. Characteristics of modernism have been seen as far back as the 19th century. Modern age thinkers were largely contrasting of the most recent Naturalist era. While naturalists pondered the concepts of nature and life, modernists were taking into account the shocking events that took place at the time, and the toll it took on individuals. â€Å"The Modernist cares rather little for Nature, Being, or the overarching structures of history. Instead of progress and growth, the Modernist intelligentsia sees decay and a growing alienation of the individual† (Rahn 1). One of the major events in this era was World War I. Known as the War to End All Wars, society experienced the horror the war brought and had no idea that the world could ever dive into such chaos and terror, and wondered where the war will take them afterwards. World War I definitely inspired the earlier modern writers, reinforcing their point about decaying societies and alienation, which may be experienced by war veterans inflicted by war terrors. Moving on, one of the well known poets of the modern age was Dylan Marlais Thomas. Born on October 27, 1914, Thomas grew up in South Wales, Swansea with an English Literature professor for a father. Though his parents spoke Welsh, he and his sister were exclusively taught English instead. Thomas was a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post until he decided to quit and focus on his poetry full time. As mentioned in his biography, it was during the period of time after he left the Post that he wrote over half of his known poems (â€Å"Dylan Thomas† 1). He moved to London in 1934 where he published his first book 18 Poems which became a great success. Two years later, he met and married Caitlin Macnamara, eventually moving to the U. S. in 1950. Thomas toured America four times over, and as he toured he recited his poems to audiences very well. â€Å"Thomas read his poems in a booming Welsh voice that was very effective on the stage† (â€Å"Thomas, Dylan† 1). Thomas passed out in a hotel after heavy drinking one night, and was announced dead on November 9th, 1953. A plaque dedicated to Thomas was set in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey 30 years later. Some of Thomas’ works include poems such as Fern Hill, I see the boys of summer, and My hero bares his nerves. Another poem written by Dylan Thomas is titled Do not go gentle into that good night. The poem in its entirety is the excerpt of Thomas’ work included in this paper. Analyzing the poem, it seems to depict the speaker (most likely Thomas himself) urging his dying father not to let go of life so easily. He urges his father to fight against death, and even if it seems inevitable, he must not succumb to it so easily. Thomas must have written this poem while his father was in a critical condition. Thomas may have written this poem solely for himself, since it is rumored that he never read or showed the poem to his father. The mood of this poem ties in with the overall feeling of the modernist age since in these times the authors could easily be negatively impacted by concerns such as the world wars. While a dying loved one initially invokes sadness, the current events of the time can amplify the feelings these authors have in their writing. Finally, modernism has played a part in creating the next literary era: the post-modernism age. Essentially, while modernism involved concepts such as loss being a common theme and questioning the truth, â€Å"postmodernism is more playful or celebratory regarding the world’s â€Å"insanity†Ã¢â‚¬  (Byrne 1). Postmodernism was the beginning of looking at things in a brighter light, so to speak. In conclusion, the modern age helped bring a change in how society thinks about truth and reality (Rahn 1). Larger groups of authors were seen in this era, and minorities were seen to publish their works openly.

Generalist Model on a Case Study free essay sample

Implementation of the Generalist Model and the Ecosystems Perspective on a Helping Situation Pentaris (Notis) Pentaris Hawaii Pacific University Helping Situation (Case Study) Katie is a 17 year old adolescence diagnosed with cancer since she was 3 years old. The doctor told her parents, back then, that only if they had a new born child, it would be able to donate its sister so that she could survive in future times. Katie has an older brother, named James, who has learning difficulties and needed a lot of attention by his parents. However, Katie’s parents, Josh and Anita, focused all of their attention to their sick daughter, putting aside their son’s needs by sending him, at age of 7 in a daycare to handle his difficulties. Katie feels horrible and sorrowful that she, unwillingly, â€Å"stole all the attention† of their parents and he got nothing. Josh and Anita, when they were told of having another child so that Katie could have her donator, they decided to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Generalist Model on a Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence Katie’s sister, Charity, was born a few years later. At the present she is 13 years old and has been hospitalized and been under the knife several times through her childhood stages. One year ago, while Katie was under chemotherapy in a hospital setting, she met a boy, Peter, who was also under chemotherapy. He was diagnosed with brain cancer. The two adolescences felt understandable to each other and decided to â€Å"hang out† together. That relationship was Katie’s first experience lovely and sexually. The next morning after she made love with that boy, he disappeared, until the time that Katie was informed that he died that day due to his disease. Afterwards Katie was devastated and most convinced of her own future being as well. Katie is in the hospital once again, after bleeding constantly and not being able to self – function anymore. There is a strong need for kidney transplantation, which only Charity can donate. Both parents have decided for Charity’s side that she will do the transplant. Charity does not decline the fact. Albeit the process is ready to take place, Katie feels so tired and sick. She has spent most of her life hospitalized and all of it under prescriptions. At the moment she can feel that nothing can be done. She is exhausted out of pain, and doesn’t want to keep going on pills. She feels that this is the time for her to pass away. And she is really happy that she is able to make this decision for herself. On the contrary though, her parents do not let her go emotionally and psychologically. They keep trying to save their daughter’s life and never stop and listen to what she wants or needs. Katie gives more effort staying in life, so Josh and Anita can be better prepared to accept her death. At the same time the doctor notifies the parents that Katie’s situation is no longer to be confronted by the hospital and recommends that it would be better for the dying youth to spend her last moments in home with her family. The mother reacts badly against the doctor and the staff in general, and insists for the transplantation to be made. Katie experiences all these deeds and emotions of her parents’ and her mother’s especially. She feels haggard with everything and still is in severe pain caused from her disease. Simultaneously she has asked her sister, Charity, to deny being the donator, so that Katie could die without any more clinical efforts. She believes that this is the best way of hampering her prolong of lifetime under painkillers and hospitals. Katie declares forlorn and rejected from the decision making process concerning her own life. She feels abandoned of her parents due to their unwillingness to listen to her and understand that she no longer wants to suffer and simultaneously make her family suffer with her. Implementation of the Generalist Model and the Ecosystems Perspective on the Helping Situation As soon as the intake process has been already made during the patient’s hospitalization, the engagement part of phase one from the helping process shall begin. It is essential, before everything else, to build a safe and honest relationship with the client, Katie in this case, so that the social worker can be effective enough through the helping process. Engagement is attained through the interviewing process while utilizing skills and techniques which will provoke such a rapport. Trust is a critical factor which enhances the possibility of a healthy and long lasting relationship between the client and the practitioner (Hepworth, 2010). According to the specific case study of Katie, the practitioner, as soon as he or she has read the intake form, which can be modified in the future time as well, has to be really sensitive on the situation. Effort has to be made so that the practitioner does not overlap with paternal or maternal roles, something that is not needed by the client at the moment. Katie feels devastated and lost in her own emotions and feelings. She needs people who will at least try to understand her, and apprehend her reasons for wanting to die during this phase of her life. During the engagement part of the generalist model the practitioner, in order to start building the social worker – client relationship, should also explore further the client’s situation. It seems that Katie, due to her physical condition, is not able to self – function, so the assumption of her parents filling in a lot of information about the situation on her behalf is prospective. The first contact with the client will begin with an initial interview and may start with the examination of Katie’s feelings and emotions, as well as the circumstances and the determinants that led to those feelings. In her situation Katie might also be referred to the medical social worker, which means that she might as well be defensive until a rapport has been build. While exploring Katie’s situation during first sessions, some of the questions that might help would be as follows: * â€Å"Katie I have read your intake form at the front desk and your parents also talked to me about your situation. However, I would like you to define that situation, as you experience it. † * â€Å"Katie, even though you were referred to social services office, and we have been informed about your situation indirectly, I still don’t feel that I know what it is that you need. Maybe you can help me with that. † Using effective communication skills during the sessions with Katie is crucial, so that trust can be gained at some point. For Katie it is really important to understand and embrace the fact that the practitioner is there to help her and shield her own needs but not her parents’, which are opposite. A milestone for Katie will be when she will be able to talk about her death with her parents and they, from their side, will be able to let her go peacefully. Referred clients have more difficulties in trust issues, as soon as they did not ask for the help but someone else did on their behalf. Thus it is essential to make those types of clients feel friendly and accepted, even if ethical dilemmas or moral issues are becoming obstacles (Hepworth, 2010). While trying to establish rapport with Katie, it is also important to augment her motivations. If things are to change, then Katie is the core person to change them, and she has to be willing to do so. Hence, having strong motivations is critical so that the goals which are about to be set will be attained (Hepworth, 2010 Worden, 1991). An example question while exploring motivations that already exist for the client might be: * â€Å"I can hear how important it is for you Katie that your parents need to embrace their future loss, meaning your death, so they can keep going in life. Nevertheless, have you ever thought what makes it so important? You are in the bed, having a lot of difficulties with functioning. What gives you the strength to try harder on that issue? † Engagement represents one of the core points in the helping process. As soon as the client is engaged to work with the practitioner and a rapport has been build, then the relationship has been accepted and assessment of the situation can be made and goals can be set (Hepworth, 2010, Hollis Woods, 1981). As referred to earlier, for Katie, it is really important that the social worker will show empathy and understanding for the situation. Encouragement and strengths oriented sessions are also crucial for building the client’s – social worker’s relationship, and while exploring the situation. * Apparently this is not the first time that you decide to change your parent’s view of your situation Katie. How have you approached this issue in the past? Biophysically assessing this situation, Katie has cancer. The doctor has already informed the family that even if the kidney transplantation is been done, Katie will not survive her disease. Katie is a seventeen years old teenager, who even though is struggling with cancer all of her life and one might assume that she is â€Å"used† to it, she can still observe how other teenagers or children are living their lives. She is still able to distinguish all the disparities between her situation and others’. The specific client is stating how tired she feels taking all these painkillers and being physically unable to interact as teenagers do in her own age. It seems that she has been facing such kind of emotions for a long time before the practitioner’s intervention. The fact that she is making decisions as her death circumstances requires knowledge of the situation and a lot of strengths. In particular, concerning the family system as a whole, Katie seems as if she is having the role of a linchpin between reality and what some of the members accept as reality. This is really important for this case and extensively difficult to accomplish. On the other hand though, Katie is dealing with a lot of negative emotions at the moment, which might decrease her ability to be cognitively healthy in terms of reducing her objectivity. One can observe many red flags upon this situation approaching it from an ecological perspective. Katie has already started to evaluate her life history, which explains the fact that her decision that it is time for her to die has not been made spontaneously, rather than thoroughly. She is wrestling with past feelings and emotions as well, and not only with the current situation. Assessing her past she feels repellent that she was the reason that her siblings had no attention while growing up, and mostly concerning her younger sister who has been â€Å"born to donate†. Added to these, her mother, Anita, is depicted as a passionate mother into saving her daughter’s life and she is trying everything on this behalf. She even ignores other family issues or needs in order to provide the best for Katie. The client feels sorry that she, unwillingly, â€Å"stole† her dad’s love. She feels as if she is the reason that her parents have stopped being partners in life, and eventually became partners in saving Katie’s life. Thus they forgot loving each other. â€Å"Katie would it be easy for you to reflect some of the differences that you recognized concerning your parent’s relationship, as long as your disease has been being developing? † Psychologically one can observe a lot of red flags, but at the same time there is cognitively developed thought from the client’s side, which might be interpreted as the client being able to avoid hazards. Applying a multidimensional framework on this case study, the practiti oner should focus on the social dimensions of it. For the past few years, due to Katie’s illness, it seems as if her only social network is her own family. She is spending almost all of her time with her parents or/ and siblings, either in the hospital or at home. Determinants dropping under the social tab can alert for depression or other clinical diagnosis referring to DSM IV. Nevertheless, according to the case study provided, Katie’s social network, even if they do not fully accept the reality, has become a great source of strength for her and for the system itself (Ashford et al. , 2008). During Katie’s developmental stage, which is late adolescence, besides the intimacy that teenagers enhance with other people, they also make future plans for their lives. This might be a major red flag for Katie. She is probably not letting herself make future plans because she knows that there is no future for her. We can observe, back when she was almost sixteen and she has met that boy in the hospital, that she made a few plans of being with him in the future. However, as soon as she knew that he has died out of cancer as well, she stopped making other plans and started accepting the fact that she also, sooner or later, will be dying. During this developmental stage, teenagers’ self – esteem is extensively important. It is interpreted as their evaluation for their one’s selves and also as their self – image (Ashford et al. , 2008). In Katie’s case, she is having a really low self – esteem concerning her self – image. One of Katie’s strengths is her ability to keep the bonds of the family tight. Due to her own situation, roles are changing in the family system and intense conditions are occurring in their home. Katie shows an incredible peaceful and calm pace that helps the members to understand each other. She also seems to have a most objective perspective than the other members of her family. As a result of assessment, it is apparent that Katie has several and severe problems that need to be addressed: a. Cancer. b. Emotional exhaustion. c. Adjustment issues according her developmental stage (i. e. independence failure). d. Family relationships oriented concerns. e. Guilty feelings against her parents and siblings of what she made them go through all of her life. f. Willingness to die. Both the hospital’s goals for this client and Katie’s goals and values are of great importance, so that motivational congruence can be accomplished while planning and contracting for this client. The goals that will be set for this client will specify what is to be accomplished. Having conducted the assessment it is easier to go through it once more with the client and more or less utilize the outcome of it as a start point on goal setting and contracting (Hepworth, 2010). Specifically speaking below are some of the potential goals and specific objectives for this client: * Emotional discharge of Katie so that her rational thinking functioning will not be affected and she will be emotionally sober to make decisions. In this specific case, a potential journal for each day would be helpful for both social worker and the client to observe and measure the goal attainment. * During the sessions and according to the social worker’s records. * Enhance the family communication pattern, especially between Katie and her parents. * Probably a couple of family sessions emerging the individual ones. In that way, Katie can also observe potential changes in her attitude. * Two or three sessions with Katie’s siblings in order to achieve better communication and feeling exchange. * Additional typical goals that will arise in the future sessions. Goals indicate potential changes and these goals can be modified or changed or new goals can be added in the contract during the social work the practitioner conducts (Hepworth, 2010, Hollis Woods, 1981). Katie is a client who even if she was referred to the practitioner, is in need of an advocator between her feelings and her parent’s emotions. On that extend she is probably going to use the help provided to her from the hospital setting. It is of major importance to specify the roles of both, the social worker and the client, the time frame, the frequency and the length of the sessions. In this case, the sessions can be conducted twice per week. Each session can last one hour and fifteen minutes, considering Katie’s physical situation and the medications, which make her cognitively and in speech terms mellower than usual. The sessions can take place in her hospital room which probably for her case and situation will be a single bed one. In any other case predictions for the environmental settings have to be made regardless confidentiality issues. Lastly, roles for the sessions and concerning goal attainment can be allocated (Hepworth, 2010). In this case the social worker could also have separately sessions with the parents over goal attainment. Added to these, the duration of the whole sessions can be more flexible in this case, according to goal accomplishment, and concerning Katie’s nearly death situation. During this phase, the social worker has also to decide the implementation technique he or she is going to use. Individually, directed into micro practice, crisis intervention can be used. Katie is experiencing a transition in her life at the moment, which is her decision to die. Even though it has not happened yet, it is a future crisis for the family, and the person who is dying experiences outburst feelings in advance. The specific model is directed to reduce stress, which is apparent in Katie’s psychosocial study, restore functioning, socially and emotionally, and prevent further deterioration. All of the above are attached to Katie’s situation. According to the three stages of crisis, Katie could be in stage (3) at the moment, which depicts a person who is almost depressed, really stressed out of her or his situation and feels helpless. Task oriented approach characteristics could also be emerged in the model that the practitioner is using, for accomplishing several typical tasks that might arise (Hepworth, 2010, Worden, 1991, Hollis Woods, 1981). As for the parents and the siblings sessions, directed into mezzo level, cognitive restructuring or Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) can be utilized. I am choosing the specific model because through that they can be taught different and maybe more effective ways and behaviors to communicate with each other, or maybe evaluate in overall the family’s communication patterns in the given situation (Mpountalis Pentaris, 2005). Lastly, advocacy strategies has to be followed for this situation between the family system, the family system and the hospital staff members, the client and the hospital setting and the staff members, and potentially the client and the relatives with other sources or networking (Hepworth, 2010). The evaluation and termination phases, as all the processes of the generalist model, start within the first session and are â€Å"alive†, in terms of modifications, through the collaboration of the client and the social worker (Hollis Woods, 1981). For Katie’s situation, it is difficult to â€Å"control† physical hazards that might occur, even the time of her death, as soon as the doctor is stating that nothing more can be done. On that extend it would be wiser to keep evaluating every other session or after three sessions each time, so that both the social worker and Katie can proffer to the process and acknowledge the outcome. Evaluation can be conducted through journals that have been kept, verbally during the sessions, and by observing the family members interact after a few sessions. Lastly, the social worker’s records are really important to measure the goal attainment of the ones that have been set during the contract period. In this case the termination could be either planned or unplanned. It depends on the client’s biophysical situation and development (Kubler – Ross, 1979). In any case, as decided during the contract, the sessions would be taking place till Katie either dies in that specific setting or being transferred into some different one. Personally, I would like to be more flexible on this case. Owing a pager I would give myself and my client the chance to see each other for a closure, if Katie could feel that that might be our last chance. In that way, by letting some nurse know about it, I could be informed and spontaneously be in the hospital at that time, if it’s not during my shift. Focusing on the ecosystems perspective in this situation and with this client is extensively important, so that the goals that are set can be accomplished. Katie is experiencing some needs and wants at this moment in her life, and most of them have to do with other people, mostly her family. She is experiencing her illness and its development within the context of her social and family network. She is affecting and is affected from those networks (Phelan, 2008). Her family is her biggest and most effective of her networks at this point of her life. Apart from that we can assume that church might be one of them as well. However this is not mentioned by the client and no priest has been requested. It is crucial to include for this situation both the client individually as well as the system of the family, applying a holistic approach. Katie is in a situation in which she is dependent by her parents and siblings, so they have to be part of her decision making processes and of the solutions she is seeking for her requests. On the top of everything, for Katie, her parent’s aspects of the situation seem to influence her emotions and feelings the most. Interactions within the family system is also really important to be observed, measured and modified if needed effectively, so that functioning of the system can be developed positively. The usefulness of the ecosystems perspective in this case, like other systemic viewpoints, is that we often try to understand people in isolation from the factors that create both reinforcement for behavior and patterns of interaction. This makes our judgment about what is happening for the other person quite limited and often inaccurate (Phelan, 2008). Conclusions Katie showed a higher level of cognitive development, than people during late adolescence potentially depict. Her situation was really sensitive and a lot of issues have arisen during our collaboration. She showed strengths that one can admire in a human being, especially when a teenage girl at age seventeen requests to die, without hesitation. It was of great interest the way this client could communicate with everybody and could forgive everything that was happening against her will. She again, showed remarkable courage and patience. What was of great observation as well was the fact that Katie made decisions in a more or less rational way. On the other hand, persons at this age and when knowing that they might die, experience the fear most of all and the anxiety, instead of the rational decision making nd concerning about others. If, through the sessions, we, â€Å"hypothetically†, had accomplished our goals, that would be a strong self – evaluation and feedback for me. On the other hand, regardless the outcomes, it would be really important for me, either for personal or professional growth. Challenges arisen while conducting Social Work with the specific Client Pr oviding appropriate end – of – life care for adolescences dealing with chronic illnesses is particularly challenging because of several developmental, ethical, and legal considerations relevant to this age group. Developmental issues, while working with this client, relate to ways in which the self – image and physical condition of Katie have changed. Working with Katie, who is only seventeen years old and who is dying, makes you realize the mortality of the human body and challenges you to, sometimes, depict your own death some time sooner or later. To elaborate on that a little bit more, new feelings are arisen through these thoughts. What is the most challenging in this situation are the legal and ethical issues that arise. Many terminally adolescences under eighteen years of age lack ordinary legal authority to make binding medical decisions, yet they meet functional criteria for having the competency to do so. Moreover, Katie is under eighteen and even though she wants to stop the efforts of surviving cancer and even though she would like to stop medication, she is not legally allowed to, so her parents are making the decision for her. This definitely a great challenge for a social worker working in this case. Following the Code of Ethics, social workers have the responsibility to respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person, as well as promoting well – being according to competencies of the profession. Taking that into account, the situation brings up a major ethical dilemma, while working with a person, even if he or she is under eighteen years of age, who is during the terminal phase of a chronic illness. What are the authority limitations of the setting you are working in, and what are the limitations of the practitioner’s personally. Probably an effective way to deal with such a dilemma as a social worker in this situation would be to talk about it with my own supervisor, and then provide my client a supportive atmosphere promoting excellent communication. As soon as legal issues are impeding her to make the decision of stopping the medications, the only way would be through parental sessions. Bringing that issue up for the parents might have been effective to bring wanted outcomes. References Ashford, B. J. LeCroy, W. C. , (2008). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective (4th Ed. ). United States: Brooks/ Cole: Cengage Learning. Armstrong M. (1977). Use of Biofeedback in the Management of Pain. 2nd National Conference on Cancer Nursing, Missouri: American Cancer Society Frojd C and all. (2005). Health related quality of life and psychosocial function among patients with carcinoid tumors. A longitudinal, prospective, and comparative study, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Psychosocial oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. camilla. [emailprotected] uu. se Hepworth H. D. et al. (2010). Direct Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills. US: Brooks/ Cole. Cengage Learning. Hollis, F. Woods, M. (1981). Casework: a psychosocial therapy (3rd Ed. ). New York: Random House. Klopfenstein Kj. (1999). Adolescents, cancer, and hospice. Adolescent Med: UK. 10:437 – 443. Kubler-Ross E. (1979). On death and Dying. Athens Greece: Tamasos. Mpountalis, V. Pentaris, P. (2005). The roles of a social worker utilizing an ecosystems perspective in an oncologic hospital setting. Agioi Anargiroi Oncologic Hospital Setting (European Conference Meeting). [emailprotected] com Phelan, J. (2008). Some thoughts on using the Ecosystem Perspective. Social Work, 86(2), 6 – 32. Worden, J. W. (1991). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer.

3 Justifications for Altering Quotations

3 Justifications for Altering Quotations 3 Justifications for Altering Quotations 3 Justifications for Altering Quotations By Mark Nichol Generally, writers should not change the wording in quotations, but quotations that lack context or that include a gratuitous word or phrase should be repaired, as shown in the following examples. 1. â€Å"Without those tools, she said, ‘It’s as if years ago we had given them a pencil to write the essay and took away the eraser.’† When a partial paraphrase is inserted before a quotation to provide clarity or additional information, lowercase the first letter of the first word of the quotation even if it was originally a complete sentence: â€Å"Without those tools, she said, ‘it’s as if years ago we had given them a pencil to write the essay and took away the eraser.’† 2. â€Å"It [the fire] was both a setback and a great relief,† he later remarked. Avoid introducing a bracketed noun or noun phrase to specify what an ambiguous pronoun refers to in a quote. Instead, use the noun or noun phrase in a paraphrase and omit the pronoun from the partial quotation that follows: â€Å"The fire, he later remarked, ‘was both a setback and a great relief.’† 3. â€Å"I think it’s important to recognize that this issue is not a, quote, distraction,† she added. Omit, without comment, a speaker’s or writer’s use of the word quote (or the phrase â€Å"quote, unquote†) to signal emphasis or skeptical or ironic usage; simply frame the emphasized word or phrase in single quotation marks: â€Å"‘I think it’s important to recognize that this issue is not a â€Å"distraction,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ she added.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsAcronym vs. Initialism15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Do present weaning methods contribute to the onset of stereotypical Dissertation

Do present weaning methods contribute to the onset of stereotypical behaviours in horses - Dissertation Example While all animal behaviour is extremely complex in nature, the causes of stereotypic behaviour in horses have been especially elusive. One suggested cause for these behaviours has been the changes and stressors a foal undergoes at the point of weaning the foal from the mother's milk (Waran et al., 2007). There are many stressors that affect a foal surrounding the experience of weaning. It is a logical extrapolation that these stressors may continue to affect the personality and behaviour of a horse into adulthood. Therefore, reducing the presence of these unwanted behaviours could be done by reducing the stress level of the weanling. There are multiple methods of weaning, all with their positive and negative points. Current suggested methods of weaning cover procedures from the very rapid and sudden to the very long-term (Householder, 2003). A clear layout of these methods is necessary to compare them and determine the least stressful option. 1.1 Hypothesis and Study Objectives The p urpose of this study is to determine the least stressful method of horse weaning, in order to ease weaning stress on horse behaviour and so reduce certain unwanted stereotypic behaviours To achieve this purpose, there are four objectives that must be met: 1. Determination of the behaviours of concern 2. Analysis of current weaning methods 3. Determination of factors involved in weaning stress, including the environment 4. Comparison of weaning methods and determination of least stressful Due to the correlation between the start of unwanted stereotypic behaviours and the process of weaning, the initial hypothesis is that these stereotypic behaviours are related to abrupt weaning methods, and that a more gradual method will produce lower levels of this behaviour. 1.2 Study Rationale Caring for and training of horses is made much more difficult if those horses are prone to stereotypic disruptive behaviour. One known cause for unwanted repetitive behaviour in performance horses is chron ically high stress, which affects the horse's overall health and it's temperament (King, 2006). While many stressors in a horse's life are on-going and can be relatively minor, weaning only happens once but may be extremely distressing, depending on the horse and the weaning method (Householder, 2003). However, early and efficient weaning, with the minimum of stress to the mare is important in breeding, as it means that the mare will be able to produce her next foal that much sooner (Stull, 1997). If the stress levels at the time of weaning could be lowered, it would be a large step toward happier and healthier horses. But until we know what method of weaning will cause the least stress and what the long-term effects of available methods on behaviour would be, changing methods may actually be more detrimental, as that would essentially be a shot in the dark as to effectiveness and safety. Therefore, this study proposes to determine that least stressful method of weaning, which could have the end result of lowering the horse's stress levels throughout its life. 2 Effects of Stress on Horses High levels of stress in horses can trigger a series of hormonal and physical effects in the body, known as the â€Å"

Victoria Chemicals plc-Merseyside and Rotterdam Projects Case Study

Victoria Chemicals plc-Merseyside and Rotterdam Projects - Case Study Example James Fawn the vice president of the Intermediate Chemicals Group (ICG) and John Camperdown, the financial analyst met to review the two projects. The proposals submitted by plant managers from both Liverpool and Rotterdam required an expansion of the polypropylene output of the respective plants by 7%. The strategic analysts in Victoria Chemicals held the view that an increase in polypropylene by 14% would not make sense though a 7% would do. This would compel them to approve one of the projects. The rational analytical process to use in extricating the ambiguities of the present measures of investment attractiveness of the two projects will be done through a thorough analysis and evaluation in terms of their net present value, payback, growth in earnings per share and internal rate of return to determine which of them is attractive for investment. After the evaluation, the best project based on its attractiveness will be chosen. 1. The proposal from Merseyside, Liverpool This proje ct would retain its flexibility in order to add technology in the future. The investment criterion for this project is as follows: Average annual addition to EPS GBP 0.22 Payback period 3.8 years Net Present Value GBP 10.5 million Internal rate of return 24% The contribution to net income for the project is a positive one. This is based on the calculation carried out by the average annual earnings per share contribution of the project over the economic life of the project using the number of outstanding shares at the recent financial year. The payback period which is the number of years which are necessary for free cash flow of the project to amortize the initial project outlay completely for the project is within the maximum payback period which is six years. The Net Present Value of the company is positive an indication of a better performing project. The internal rate of return of the project which is 24% is more than 10% and this is an indication of how attractive the project is . A summary of the performance of the Merseyside project is as follows 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Output 267,500 267,500 267,500 267,500 267,500 New Gross Profit 21.72 24.83 24.83 24.83 24.93 Old output 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Free cash flow 1.27 3.92 3.86 3.77 3.08 Incremental gross profit 2.32 5.42 5.42 5.42 5.42 Based on the above analysis, it is quite evident that Merseyside project is quite attractive in terms of its performance and this makes it a good project for investment. The Merseyside project will be of great help to Victoria Chemicals as it would lead to an increase in free cash flow, increase in gross profit and increase in output for the company. The increase in output would see the company operate in full efficiency and to remain competitive in the market. Even though the Merseyside project seems promising in terms of output and return, the plant operations will be disrupted in the course of upgrading the technology in the company which will then affect the total output of the company. The period at which the plant will not be operating will mean that the company will temporarily lose its business from the close of the customers. The temporal close of business and clients may be a cost to pay by the company as it may end up losing the customers due to the inconveniences caused. The table below shows the assumptions made towards the DCF Analysis of the Merseyside Project: Annual output in metric tons 250,000 Output gain 7% Gross margin rate 12.5% The gross margin rate and the output gain are standard and this means that the company (Victoria Chemicals) will not take a long time before it enjoys the full benefits of the investment. This

New Burger King Seven Incher Ad Report Essay Example for Free

New Burger King Seven Incher Ad Report Essay Advertising has a big effect on selling products or propagandizes. That’s why; companies and organizations start to increase their advertising expenses. A research made in 1985 indicates that in 1983, companies worldwide spent $19,837,800,000 on advertising. In 1984, $23,429,700,000 was spent and in 1991, about $52 billion was spent on advertising by companies. This shows us that companies understood that advertising is the best way of selling. All of these companies want to make their advertisements effective and memorable, but what makes an advertisement memorable? An illustration, a headline and a copy can make an advertisement incredibly memorable. The first feature, which makes advertisements effective, is an illustration. An illustration has a great effect on advertisements. They can easily make them memorable. First, the size of the illustration is very important for effectiveness of the illustration. The size of the illustration should be between 1/4 and 2/3 of the page such as 66% of top-scoring advertisements. So you can put headline and copy on the blank side of the page. For example, inad, advertisers used 2/3 of the page as an illustration. Secondly, the subject of the illustration is very important to capture customers. Most (36%) of the top scoring ads uses the technique of borrowed interest. For instance,   uses borrowed interest. In headline it says, †, that’s why, advertisers used a woman, which look like a surprised. To conclude, an illustration may make an advertisement such as, very effective with its size and subject, but there are more can make an ad memorable. The second feature that makes an ad memorable is a headline. A headline has a great effect on stopping power. It makes people stop and read the rest of the ad. So people may buy the product. First, the size of the headline is very important to make a headline memorable. It should not be very small or very big. The top scoring ads use commonly half inch or in rare cases less than half-inch headlines. For example, in ad, advertisers used a headline, which is 2. 5 inches. First row of the headline is written bigger than the second row, because advertisers wanted to make both rows in the same width. Second, the length of the headline is as important as the size. If the length of the headline is too long, people may easily forget it or don’t want to read it because it is long. 36% of the top scoring ads uses a headline between 1 and 6 words. So it can be memorable. For instance, advertisers used 5 words in the headline of   It is a basic phrase, which people use in their normal life. So, it is easy to remember. In conclusion, a headline is a basic way to make people remember the ad, but still there is one more thing to talk about. The last feature, which makes an advertisement effective and memorable, is a copy. Actually, copies haven’t a big effect on effectiveness, but after people stops because of the headline and the illustration, the copy becomes important. First property, which makes a copy effective, is its length. About 70% of top scoring ads have copy, which has words between 26 and 100. So people can read it easily and it will not bore them. For example, and has a copy made by 47 words. So it is easy to read and understand. Secondly, the message of the copy is a big effect on ad. Every copy has its own message. Some copies give people information about the technical specifications of the product. Some explains how to use it and some tells how the product will make you happy. The major (33%) part of the top scoring ads’ copies includes information about the usefulness of the product. So the advertisers can easily fool the customers. For instance,   ad’ copy is about effects of the hamburger on the potential consumers. To conclude, even though the copy is not very important at the beginning, it becomes very effective with its length and message. In other words, most of the top scoring ads such as   uses illustrations, which do not fill all of the page and includes the subject of borrowed interest; headlines, which are about half inch and less than 7 words and copies, the lengths are between 26 and 100 words and explains how do the products helps you, to improve their sales. However I am sure all these would change in the future such as entire page illustrations and copies less than 50 words.

Violent Video Games: Dangerous Entertainment Essay -- Essays Papers

Violent Video Games: Dangerous Entertainment Since the beginning of organized society, entertainment has always been an aspect closely tied with human nature. From the times of ancient empires, such as the Romans and Greeks, humans have used entertainment as an outlet to escape the harsh reality of everyday life. Although in those times, entertainment was considered duels to the death with animals and other humans opposed to the censored reality shows and formulaic movies we have today. However, there isn’t much difference between the mortal combat that was exercised in ancient times, and the mortal combat that trickles down into today’s censored forms of television, music, and especially video games. Video games have progressed over recent years, becoming popular amongst a variety of people. Many authority figures object to many of today’s more gruesome games, feeling that such games have negative psychological effects on its players. Studies have shown that violent video games are in fact more harmf ul then violent television and movies because of the interactive nature of the games. â€Å"Young men and women who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effects of repeated exposure to violent games. Brief exposure to violent video games can temporarily increase aggressive behavior in all types of participants,† (Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D., Karen E. Dill, Ph.D.). Other researchers however, have come to different conclusions regarding the effects video games have on people. â€Å"The proponents also suggest that it may be a friendly way of introducing children to computers and may increase children hand eye coordination and detention to detail,† (The Psychological and Physical Impact, Nov... ...hat immediate action should be taken in order to control the violence in video games today. There should be a profound improvement in previewing games before they are released into the market in order to get a more accurate censorship rating so that America’s youth isn’t exposed to entertainment that could affect their well being. If we do not act immediately, who knows how many more Columbines, and other tragic offenses will occur. Works Cited - â€Å"Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and Life.† Yahoo. American Online. 7 November, 2004. - Willenz, Pat. â€Å"Violent Video Games can Increase Aggression.† April 20, 2000. www.apa.org/releases/videogames.html - â€Å"The Psychological and Physical Impact.† Nov, 2000. Yahoo. American Online. 7 November, 2004. www.multimedia.design.curtin.edu/cache/g/0007/

How reliable is source 5 as a representation of the death of Hattie Carroll?

‘The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll', the song by Bob Dylan is both reliable and unreliable in many ways as a representation of her death. During the Black Civil Rights Movement of the time, Dylan was a popular artist and felt strongly about this specific cause. Through his lyrics he spoke out for the oppressed minority. His songs however, did not represent the views of all the black people at the time. Through his lyrics he expressed only his point of view. Therefore, it must be taken into account that there may be bias of some form in some of his works. We must take into account that it is more than likely that Dylan was not at the actual murder scene and therefore his song is a secondary source. We also are not totally sure if Dylan was genuinely concerned about the welfare of the oppressed, or, he was using the situation to boost his own career. Ultimately, these together could be factors for why Dylan wrote and performed â€Å"finger-pointing songs.† I would say that the majority of the motives in his work are honourable but others may think differently. Joan Baez, a folk singer and a Civil Rights activist and, Dylan's girlfriend at the time said of him; â€Å"he never went to marches. One of the ironic things was, 20 years after the fact, people at marches saying, â€Å"Is Bob coming? We heard Bob's coming.† He never went. It wasn't his life and there was no reason he should really because he didn't believe in all that politics stuff.† The contents of the song tell us some of the basic facts about the incident. We know Hattie was murdered by Zanzinger who got a very lenient sentence. Gaps however exist in our knowledge due to the fact that source 5 contains only part of the actual song. Therefore we do not see the full picture surrounding what happened and what actually happened. Dylan puts his lyrics across with a sarcasm and bitterness. This is because Carroll was murdered due to racial discrimination. We are not sure if Dylan was present at the trial and because of this we cannot trust what he is suggesting fully but we can take it for granted that what he is saying is at least partly true. I feel that Dylan's intended audience was universal. He aimed to inform people of the wrong in society and he gave the black Americans hope in their campaign for justice. I can only presume that Dylan wrote this song to make society aware of what was happening to the black people. I also think that the fact that Dylan would gain publicity for his controversy and therefore this may have been a reason for him writing and performing â€Å"finger-pointing songs.† In source 5 we do not gain any insight into Zanzinger's motives for murdering Carroll. Zanzinger's story is not known and because each story has two sides we cannot view the ‘bigger picture.' This source is partly reliable. We know that Dylan had a good reputation as a truthful, genuine artist but it must be acknowledged that the limitations to the song as a representation of the death of Hattie Carroll given the language, tone, motives and the missing part of the source.